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 | The title page is the first page of the essay or research
report. |
| Use double-line spacing. |
| Include a manuscript page header (first two or three words
from title) and page number in top right hand corner of every page. Allow five
spaces between the manuscript page header and page number. Start with a page
number "1" on the title page. |
| Check whether you need to include a running head on your
title page. The running head is a short title (maximum of 50 characters long),
and should be placed on the top line of the title page, flush left. You should
introduce it with the words "Running head" followed by a colon and
then the running head in capital letters. |
| Does your title page include the three main elements:
title, your name, and educational institution? This information should be
centred both vertically and horizontally on the page. |
| Title (10 to 12 words in length) should be centred with
first letter of each major word capitalised (i.e., Title Case). |
| Author’s name (in Title Case) should be centred on the
next line down. |
| Educational institution (in Title Case) should be centred
on the next line down. |
| Type the reference list on a separate page, immediately
following the last page of the essay or research report. |
| Remember that you should include a manuscript page header
and page number in the top right hand corner of every page. Allow five spaces
between the manuscript page header and the page number. |
| The title "References" should be centred on the
top line of the page. |
| All reference entries should be double-line spaced, with
no spare line spaces in between each reference entry. |
| Only include works that you have cited in the text. |
| Check that all reference entries use the hanging indent
(i.e., the first line of the reference entry is flush left, and the subsequent
lines are indented five to seven spaces). |
| Check that the title of the publication in each reference
is italicised. |
| Arrange entries in alphabetical order by the surname of
the first author. |
| For entries with no author, arrange by order of the title
article. |
| One-author entries by the same author are arranged by year
of publication, the earliest first. |
| One-author entries precede multiple-author entries
beginning with the same surname. |
| References with the same first author and different second
or third authors are arranged alphabetically by the surname of the second
author, and so on. |
| References with the same authors in the same order are
arranged by year of publication, the earliest first. |
| For references by the same author with the same year of
publication, place lowercase letters – a, b, c, and so on - immediately after
the year, within the parentheses. |
| For references to an entire book, italicise the book
title. The first word of book title and subtitle, if any, should be capitalised.
The publishing details should include the city of publication, followed by a
colon, then the name of the publisher. |
| For chapters or articles within an edited book, capitalise
only the first word of the title and of the subtitle, if any, and any proper
names. Do not italicise the chapter title. Italicise the title of the book.
Unlike the format for the author’s name, the editors’ initials come before
their surnames. The abbreviation "Ed." or "Eds." is included
in parentheses after the editors’ surnames, and before the book title, with a
comma separating "(Eds.)" from the book title. The page numbers of the
chapter are listed in parentheses after the name of the book. The abbreviation
"pp." is used before the numerals. Provide publishing details at the
end. |
| For journal articles, capitalise only the first word on
the article title and of the subtitle, if any, and any proper names. Do not
italicise the title of the article. The journal name (written in Title Case) and
volume number should be italicised. Include a comma and space between the
journal name and volume number. In cases where the journal has continuous
pagination, include a comma after the volume number, and follow with the page
numbers. For journals with non-continuous pagination, do not include a comma
after the volume number. Rather, include the issue number of the journal in
parentheses immediately following the volume number. Place a comma after the
issue number and follow with the page numbers. The parentheses and issue number
should not be italicised. |
| For newspaper and magazine articles, include the year,
month and day as part of the date of publication. Italicise the name of the
newspaper or magazine. Include a comma at the end of the newspaper or magazine
name, and follow with the page numbers. Note that for newspaper entries, you
include the letters "p." or "pp." before the page number/s.
For magazines, you do not include the letters "pp." before the page
numbers. |
| For references to an on-line abstract, cite the specific
on-line database it came from, and include the date of retrieval and any other
information needed to retrieve this item. This might include a World Wide Web
address or an item number in a database. |
| For references that were obtained via an on-line database,
include a retrieval statement at the end of the reference. The retrieval
statement includes the date that you accessed the information (month, day and
year) and the name of the database. |
| Articles in an internet-only journal are referenced the
same way as a published journal, with the addition of the retrieval statement at
the end (i.e., web address). |
| Some articles published on-line are exact reproductions of
those in their print versions. If you viewed an article only in its electronic
form, you should add the words "Electronic version" in square brackets
after the title of the article. |
| Messages posted to on-line discussion groups and
newsgroups are referenced using a form similar to on-line journal articles, but
the subject line of the message is used as the article title (not italicised).
Also, include the words "Message posted to" before the URL address. |
| When information has been sourced from the World Wide Web,
you should include the same basic elements as used in referencing written
documents, and add a retrieval statement to the end. When no author is
identified, begin the reference with the title of the document. The retrieval
statement should outline the exact date of retrieval and give the address of the
Web site. |
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General formats
| Author-date method of citation. This method involves
citing the surname
of the author (or authors) and the year of publication in the
text.
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| Two approaches to citations: (a) they can be integrated
into the text, or (b)
placed in parentheses.
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| Indent the first line of each paragraph five spaces.
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| Use double-line spacing throughout the entire essay or
research report.
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| Do not include any extra line spaces between paragraphs. |
A. Citation is integrated into the text
Where the citation is integrated into the text, and the
author’s name is part of the narrative, only the year of publication appears
in parentheses. Examples are shown below.
· Example 1 - Single author
Sheehan (1967) reported individual differences in imagery
ability across
the different sensory modalities. The paragraph continues.
· Example 2 – Two authors
Finke and Pinker (1983) provided support for the
functional equivalence
of imagery and perception. The paragraph continues.
B. Citation is placed in parentheses
Where the citation is placed at the end of the sentence,
the author and year of publication both appear in parentheses. Examples are
shown below.
· Example 1 – Single author
It has been found that individual differences in imagery
ability exist
across the different sensory modalities (Sheehan, 1967).
· Example 2 – Two authors
Research suggests that imagery and perception are
functionally
equivalent (Finke & Pinker, 1983). The paragraph continues.
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General formats
| A quotation is material that is taken word-for-word from
another author’s work.
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| In quotations, you must provide the specific page number
of the work you have quoted, as well as the author and year of publication.
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| Two types of quotations: (a) quotations of fewer than 40
words, or (b) quotations of more than 40 words. |
A. Quotations of fewer than 40 words
| Short quotations can be easily integrated into your text,
enclosed with double quotation marks. Include the page number in parentheses at
the end of the quote, followed by a full stop. An example is shown below. |
Thompson (2001) argued that "dissociation is a potent
determinant of
post-traumatic stress disorder" (p. 113). The paragraph
continues.
B. Quotations of more than 40 words
| Include long quotations as a separate block of text,
starting on a new line.
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| The author and year of publication should be included in
an introductory sentence.
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| The quotation is then included as a separate block of
text, indented five spaces from the left.
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| Where a new paragraph is needed, you should indent it five
spaces from the left margin of the block text.
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| No quotation marks are needed, unless the text itself
includes any quoted material.
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| The page number of the quotation is included at the end,
in parentheses. There is no full stop at the end of the page number details. |
An example is shown below.
Brody and Ehrlichman (1998) concluded that:
Of all of the ways in which personality psychology
might evolve
in the twenty-first century, we think that the clearest
prediction
that can be made is that biological perspectives will be
increasingly important. The availability of neuroimaging
techniques to
observe brain processes is enhancing the
knowledge of the relationship of
brain and behaviour. These
advances, combined with a better understanding of
neurochemistry, are likely to contribute to the development of
more
sophisticated models of the biological basis of individual
differences. (p.
375)
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